Altarpiece with the Martyrdom of St Catherine: Saints Genevieve and Apollonia [left wing, verso]

The panels of both pictures are made of horizontally joined boards of limewood (?). For NG6511.1 nine boards were used and for NG 6511.2 ten (see diagram online). Each of the joins in the panels was aligned with two butterfly keys set into the fronts of the panels before they were painted, located about 7.5 cm in from the left and right edges

The ground is chalk, confirmed by X-ray diffraction. Although not visible in the X-ray images, fibres could be seen in the ground in several samples and these seem to be sandwiched between two layers. The ground has been covered with a thin off-white or pale pinkish priming layer consisting of lead white and a little red lead.

There is a free, linear underdrawing in a liquid medium, visible in infrared images of both panels. The presence of black backgrounds, other areas of black paint and of gold leaf means that not all of the underdrawing can be seen by infrared reflectography, but enough is made visible to give a good overall impression. The drawing consists of simple outlines and appears to be freehand, although the heads at least are probably based on the copying by eye of pattern drawings. There are many small changes between the underdrawing and the finished paintings.

In Saint Genevieve’s face (NG 6511.1) the eyes are painted slightly lower than where they were underdrawn. The nose that was drawn was rounder, and the ear higher and wider than that finally painted. The eyebrows are indicated with a series of short parallel dashes. The edge of the hair and parting are drawn, and the plait is indicated very freely by a series of interlocking arcs. Similar lines are drawn under the paint of the puff of the sleeve at the shoulder and might indicate that her plait was planned to lie on her shoulder. Both hands were also underdrawn: the fingers of the hand at the top of the candle were painted higher than they were drawn. The outlining of the face of Saint Apollonia has a sketchy quality, and the lines around the eyes and nose are broken, as is the line round the profile. The chin was painted in a lower position than it was drawn. There are some random curving lines to indicate the hair. Slight changes are visible in the position of the arms and the fingers have been moved. The skirt was drawn wider so that it touched the trailing skirt of Saint Genevieve. There are other lines visible at the bottom of the skirt which extend into the foreground. They have the same texture and quality as the rest of the drawing but their purpose is unclear.

Saint Christina’s eyes (in NG6511.2) are drawn looking to the right, not directly at the viewer as painted. A large ear was drawn under the hair, but it was not painted. A line across the left hand at the position of the knuckles could either be an indication of the anatomy, or the position for the cuff of an inner sleeve that was not painted. There are small adjustments to the position of Saint Ottilia’s right eye, which was painted lower than it was drawn. There are parallel curved lines below the lower eyelids in the areas painted as shadow. The outlines of the saint’s veil are underdrawn and this guide was followed in painting. The folds of the headdress over her shoulder are sketched with considerable freedom, which was not always followed at the painting stage.

The swags at the top of each panel; Saint Genevieve’s bodice, jewellery and the bands of brocade on her skirt; Saint Apollonia’s necklace; Christina’s robe; and Ottilia’s book are all mordant-gilded. The adhesive (mordant) for the gold leaf is brownish-yellow in colour and consists mainly of yellow earth, with a little lead white, red earth and verdigris. When this last pigment is found in mordants it is usually considered to be present as a drier, which implies an oil-based binder, although this has not been confirmed by analysis. The swags are modelled with black lines and a more translucent brownish paint. Similarly, on the gilded garments a translucent warm brown has been used to model the forms, for example the shadows under Christina’s arms and the folds in her skirt. This is in addition to the pattern on her robe in red lake and what appears to be black but is in fact darkened copper containing green. In contrast, the pattern on her bodice is intended to be black.

There is no medium analysis.

In the black background paint some verdigris has been mixed with the black pigment, probably as a dryer. The same mixture was used for the black pattern on Apollonia’s collar, applied on a pale orange layer composed of lead-tin yellow and red lead. In cross-section, this base colour is more strongly orange at the bottom of the layer and paler nearer the surface, suggesting that there may have been some lightening of the red lead pigment, and that the scarf may originally have been deeper in colour. The paint of her red dress is based on vermilion and red lake, mixed with some black in addition in the shadows. Genevieve’s candle and the haloes of all the saints are painted in lead-tin yellow.

Red lake was used for the ribbons on Genevieve’s sleeves. The deep velvety purple of her underskirt is created with a base layer of black (again containing some verdigris as a drier), on to which deeper or lighter translucent pink mixtures of red lake mixed with varying amounts of lead white have been applied. Her bright green skirt is based on verdigris mixed with varying amounts of lead-tin yellow, as is the green of the grass in the foreground.

[Susan Foister, 'Lucas Cranach the Elder and workshop, Saints Genevieve and Apollonia and Saints Christina and Ottilia (The St Catherine Altarpiece: Reverses of Shutters)' published online 2015, from 'The German Paintings before 1800', London: forthcoming.

www.nationalgallery.org.uk/paintings/research/lucas-cranach-the-elder-and-workshop-saints-genevieve-and-apollonia-christina-and-ottilia]

DESCRIPTION

Tools/Material:

- dark, fluid medium, brush

Type/Ductus:

- relatively economic and freehand underdrawing

- thin to somewhat broader lines

- Isolated hatching strokes (indicating the area of shadow on St Genevieve left eye)

Function:

- only relatively binding for the final painted version; the lines delineate the main contours, define forms therein and describe facial features; scant representation of volume with hatching strokes

Deviations:

- correction were made to forms during the painting process; few changes

INTERPRETATION

Attribution:

- Lucas Cranach the Elder

[Sandner, Smith-Contini, Heydenreich, cda 2017]

DESCRIPTION

- see 10.2010

6511a Lucas CRANACH Genevieve and Apollonia (Notes on samples during re-examination for the cataloguing program – 9/11/01) [M. Spring]

S20. Flesh (and possibly underpaint) of Apollonia’s chin

Black underdrawing under white paint, directly on ground?

- Chalk ground

- Thin layer of black

- White layer

6511a Lucas CRANACH Genevieve and Apollonia (Notes on samples during re-examination for the cataloguing program – 9/11/01) [M. Spring]

S18. Orange under black paint of Apollonia’s collar

Red lead and lead-tin yellow (Lead and a small amount of tin detected by EDX).

Black layer; detected lead and copper (ie verdigris present, as in other samples). Transparent inclusion contains Ca. Some fibres visible in the ground layer.

6511a Lucas CRANACH Genevieve and Apollonia (Notes on samples during re-examination for the cataloguing program – 9/11/01) [M. Spring]

S17. Grey-brown translucent marbling effect of floor

- Chalk ground

- Thin priming

- Grey; lead white, fine grained black, red

6511a Lucas CRANACH Genevieve and Apollonia (Notes on samples during re-examination for the cataloguing program – 9/11/01) [M. Spring]

S16. Bright green of foreground grass

EDX shows lead, tin and copper; ie verdigris, lead-tin yellow and lead white

6511a Lucas CRANACH Genevieve and Apollonia (Notes on samples during re-examination for the cataloguing program – 9/11/01) [M. Spring]

S15. Shadow on Apollonia’s red dress

Paint contains vermilion and black

Chalk ground confirmed by X-ray diffraction.

6511a Lucas CRANACH Genevieve and Apollonia (Notes on samples during re-examination for the cataloguing program – 9/11/01) [M. Spring]

S14. Black on gold of Genevieve’s skirt

Black, lead white, iron oxide, possibly chalk

6511a Lucas CRANACH Genevieve and Apollonia (Notes on samples during re-examination for the cataloguing program – 9/11/01) [M. Spring]

S11. Red lake on grey/gold of Genevieve’s sleeve

Red lake glaze over grey (black and white) over mordant gilding

6511a Lucas CRANACH Genevieve and Apollonia (Notes on samples during re-examination for the cataloguing program – 9/11/01) [M. Spring]

S9. Black background near fruit decoration

- Priming layer; lead white and a little red lead

- Yellow brown mordant

- Fine grained black with a little colourless material which is probably chalk.

6511a Lucas CRANACH Genevieve and Apollonia (Notes on samples during re-examination for the cataloguing program – 9/11/01) [M. Spring]

S8. Flesh from Genevieve’s forehead, very pale pink

Chalk ground beneath a white layer.

6511a Lucas CRANACH Genevieve and Apollonia (Notes on samples during re-examination for the cataloguing program - 9/11/01) [M. Spring]

S7. Gold and brown of fruit decoration from upper edge

Coarse black in a translucent matrix, a few colourless particles, over gold.

6511a Lucas CRANACH Genevieve and Apollonia (Notes on samples during re-examination for the cataloguing program - 9/11/01) [M. Spring]

S6. Gold and brown-black of Genevieve's necklace

- Very thin layer of lead white and red lead (probably a priming)

- White; lead white, one particle of vermilion, a few small transparent areas

- Yellow mordant; earth pigment rich in iron oxide, a little lead white, one particle of verdigris

- Broken up gold leaf

- Coarse black pigment in a translucent matrix

6511a Lucas CRANACH Genevieve and Apollonia (Notes on samples during re-examination for the cataloguing program - 9/11/01) [M. Spring]

S3. Dark purple of Genevieve's underskirt

ARs notes mention that there appears to be some fibrous material in the ground and that, as in S2, there appears to be verdigris mixed with black pigment in the black underlayer. A red lake glaze was applied on top. This layer structure is confirmed by the cross-section;

- Chalk ground

- Very thin layer of lead white and traces of red lead (probably a priming layer)

- Black layer with translucent inclusions; some verdigris was also visible in the unmounted sample

- Thin raspberry red lake glaze

6511a Lucas CRANACH Genevieve and Apollonia (Notes on samples during re-examination for the cataloguing program - 9/11/01) [M. Spring]

S4. Golden-brown of fruit decoration above Genevieve's head, with dark transparent coating on top

AR notes on unmounted sample; black layer on gold, followed by varnish. Fibres are visible in the ground. Yellow-brown mordant for the gold.

Cross section:

- Chalk ground

- Yellow-brown mordant; earth pigments and lead white.

- Gold leaf, quite clearly not burnished.

- Very thin brown layer, difficult to see what is in it; black and red lake? Softwood pitch?

- Thick varnish layer

S2. Pink of highlight of Genevieve's purple underskirt

- Chalk ground

- Very thin layer, almost just a sprinkling of white and red pigment; probably a priming layer.

- Black layer containing fine grained pigment; EDX detected a significant amount of copper in this layer, and some dark green particles of verdigris are visible, probably added as a dryer.

- Pink layer; red lake and lead white and a tiny amount of vermilion.

- Overpaint

6511a Lucas CRANACH Genevieve and Apollonia (Notes on samples during re-examination for the cataloguing program - 9/11/01) [M. Spring]

S1. Green of Genevieve's dress, with brownish residue on the surface

- Green layer; verdigris and a little lead tin yellow

- Yellow layer; lead-tin yellow and a little verdigris

- Green layer; verdigris

- Thin brown layer

6511a Lucas CRANACH Genevieve and Apollonia (No additional notes on samples during re-examination for the cataloguing program – 9/11/01) [M. Spring]

S5. Golden-brown decoration of Genevieve’s bodice – brown glaze on top?

S10. Ground and black of background

S12. Yellow of Genevieve’s halo

S13. Bright yellow of candlestick

S19. Yellow of Apollonia’s collar

The panel is made up of ten horizontally joined limewood (?) boards. All the joins are reinforced by butterfly keys ca. 2’’ high which are located ca 3’’ from the edges of the panels. These butterfly keys have been let into the front of the panels and these outlines are clearly visible on the paint surface. Other keys have been let into the backs of the panels to provide additional reinforcement to some of the joins.’

[National Gallery archive1987]

All four edges of NG 6511.1 have been cut. NG 6511.2 has also been cut at the top and bottom, but at the left and right it has probably only been trimmed slightly, since there are narrow rather uneven strips of unpainted wood along these edges. Both panels have been reduced in thickness to less than 0.6 cm. There are a number of horizontal splits in the panels, the most severe across the chests of saints Genevieve and Apollonia (NG 6511.1) and 5.0 cm from the top edge of NG 6511.2. Additional non-original butterfly keys have been set into the backs of both panels after they had been reduced in thickness, to reinforce the splits. During the conservation treatment in 1987-91 cradles were removed and the panels were built up with balsa and wax resin at the back. The remains of glue and wood of a different type to the original panels were found on the backs after the removal of the cradles, suggesting that either other pieces of wood or a secondary wooden support had been attached to the panels in the past.

In the past several of the joins in the panels have opened and many additional horizontal splits have developed, but these are now mended and secure. The paintings are in fair condition, having suffered some paint loss and wearing. Both pictures have horizontal lines of loss associated with joins and splits in the panels. Paint has also been lost from many of the butterfly keys which secure the joins, especially those near the right edge of each panel. NG 6511.2 also has a larger area of paint loss across the top of Saint Christina's head, continuing across the background to the gold ball in the middle. The light paint of the flesh and drapery in both panels has suffered from fine flaking and widening of the craquelure. The red robe of Saint Apollonia and the black habit of Saint Ottilia are both worn, as is the dark background paint on both panels, particularly at the left of NG6511.2.

[Susan Foister, 'Lucas Cranach the Elder and workshop, Saints Genevieve and Apollonia and Saints Christina and Ottilia (The St Catherine Altarpiece: Reverses of Shutters)' published online 2015, from 'The German Paintings before 1800', London: forthcoming.

www.nationalgallery.org.uk/paintings/research/lucas-cranach-the-elder-and-workshop-saints-genevieve-and-apollonia-christina-and-ottilia]

The surface is generally in fair condition with much paint loss and wearing. There are many small paint losses along the joins and splits, and also where the butterfly keys are let into the front of the panels. The paint from some of the butterfly keys has flaked away entirely. In addition there are losses caused by movement of the panels.

The light paint of the flesh and drapery has suffered from the fine flaking and from the widening of the craquelure. Worst affected is the face of S. Genevieve.

The obscuring varnish makes it difficult to make an accurate assessment of the condition of the dark paint of the background and of S. Apollonia's red robe.

[National Gallery archive1987]

Most of the old varnish and retouching were soluble in propan-2-ol and white spirit (1:1). The repairs in the gold were also mainly soluble in this mixture, and much of the yellow toning on the gold was soluble in a weaker mixture. Some older retouching, e. g. on the two faces, were very hard and were removed mechanically. Various different types of filling had been used to fill gaps round the butterfly keys and some of the wider splits in the panel; these putties were dug out where possible, and the remainder removed later on during panel work.

It was felt that it would be imprudent to try remove all the old restoration from the gold decorations and from the robes. Some new repairs in gold powder were removed, but older, gold leaf repairs over losses or joins in the panel were left. The status of the toning over the gold was uncertain. Through highly soluble and in places covering new gold leaf, it was also, e. g. in the swags at the top, apparently modelled and complementary to the original black lines on the gold.

The cradle was removed from the back of the panel. The six oak butterfly keys were replaced with balsa wood using Beva 371 as an adhesive. The panel separated into three sections as the cradle was removed. The numerous splits and open joins were manipulated and glued with a urea formaldehyde adhesive. Irregularities in the back of the panel were filled with a Paraloid B67 / sawdust cement. The back of the panel was built up with two layers of balsa wood planks and wax.

The gilded parts of the surface were retouched with gold powder glazed with Ketone N. Paraloid B72 was used for the remainder of the retouching, and Ketone N as a preliminary and final varnish.

Before 1987 ( in the last 100 years):

Panel has been reduced in thickness to less than a quarter of an inch [1] and reinforced with massive teak cradles. This treatment has had the effect that many of the original joins between the planks have opened and the panel has also split severely along the horizontal grain. The panel has horizontal corrugations due to the restraining effect of cradles. Six new oak butterfly keys had been let in to the back of the panel after it had been reduced to its present thickness.

The panel has been cut at all four edges. All the flake losses and most of the losses along the joins and splits are covered by discoloured retouching.

[National Gallery archive 1987]

[1][The panel was not really thinned but in fact split and was originally the reverse of a wing shutter that was painted on both sides]