Christ on the Cross

Christ on the Cross

Title

Christ on the Cross

[http://predigerseminar-cdm.gbv.de/u?/Gemaelde,87; 11.07.2012]

Painting on canvas

Medium

Painting on canvas

[http://predigerseminar-cdm.gbv.de/u?/Gemaelde,87; 11.07.2012]

The figure of Christ on the cross is depicted with long thin limbs with thin streams of blood flowing down them. Other than this the idealized representation shows little trace of Christ's Passion. In the upper part of the panel the sky is overcast with dark clouds, but in the

The figure of Christ on the cross is depicted with long thin limbs with thin streams of blood flowing down them. Other than this the idealized representation shows little trace of Christ's Passion. In the upper part of the panel the sky is overcast with dark clouds, but in the distance behind the overgrown ground where the cross stands warm tones announce the sun's arrival. The ends of the loin cloth waft ornamentally either side of the cross and beneath two gold framed plaques are attached to the shaft.

[Görres, CDA 2012]

Attributions
Lucas Cranach the Younger
Lucas Cranach the Younger (?)

Attributions

Lucas Cranach the Younger

[Schulze 2004, 203-204] [Schade 1974] [Kehrer 1916]

Lucas Cranach the Younger (?)

[http://predigerseminar-cdm.gbv.de/u?/Gemaelde,87; 11.07.2012]

Production date
1571

Production date

1571

dated

Dimensions
Dimensions of support: 250 x 156 cm

Dimensions

  • Dimensions of support: 250 x 156 cm

  • [Wimböck 2010, 171] [Lutherhaus Wittenberg, revised 2012]

  • 247 cm x 157 cm

  • [Schade 1974, 390]

  • 248 cm x 155 cm

  • [Bellmann, Harksen, Werner 1979, 72]

  • 251.5 cm 161 cm (with additions)

  • [Körber 1981]

  • 251 cm x 158 cm

  • Dimensions including frame: 272 cm x 180.5 cm

  • [Treu 2003, 105]

Signature / Dating

Artist's insignia below the feet of Christ: winged serpent, facing right with elevated wings and dated '1571'

Signature / Dating

  • Artist's insignia below the feet of Christ: winged serpent, facing right with elevated wings and dated '1571'

  • [Görres, CDA 2012]

Inscriptions and Labels
  • On both sides of the cross.
    Left: 'QVI ME CERNIS HOMO: TE CERNE, TVVMQ REATVM,
    NAM SINE MORTE FOREM, …

Inscriptions and Labels

Inscriptions, Badges:

    • On both sides of the cross.
  • Left:

  • 'QVI ME CERNIS HOMO: TE CERNE, TVVMQ REATVM,

  • NAM SINE MORTE FOREM, TV NISI MORTIS ERAS.

  • QVOD PATIOR, TVA CVLPA FACIT QVODQ IMPLEO LEGEM,

  • IVSTICIAM MEREOR TV MODO CREDE, TIBI.

  • A CRVCE TV PENDE, NANQ IN CRVCE PENDEO PRO TE.

  • QVI DEVS, ET QVI SVM CRIMINE PVRVS HOMO.

  • SED PRO LABE TVA FACTVS VADIS ANTE PARENTEM

  • QVAE TV DEBVERAS, HAEC CRVCE SOLVO MEA.

  • TE FINXI: PRO TE SOLVI: TE EX HOSTE RECEPI:

  • SVM TVVS, ATQ MEVM FIT MERITVM OMNE TVVM.

  • QVID MAIVS POTERAM, DARE VEL TV POSCERE MAIVS?

  • MAGNVS AMOR CERTE EST HOSTIS AMORE MORI.

  • EN CAPVT, VT SPINIS VRGETVR? VT AEMVLA SOLI

  • LVMINA, IAM TENEBRAS, OMNIA MORTIS, HABENT.'

  • Right:

  • 'OS QVOQ QVO VERAE TRADO PRAECEPTA SALVTIS,

  • INFICITVR TRISTI FELLE, MEROQVE GRAVI.

  • EN FACIEM QVA SANCTA OCVLOS GENS PASCERE GAVDET,

  • QVAM PVGNOS, ET QVAM LIVIDIA SPVTA TVLIT?

  • QVAEQ MANVS AD OPEM PROMTAE ,SVNT TEGMEN ET VMBRA,

  • DISPANSAE IN RIGIDO STIPITE VVLNVS HABENT.

  • CERNE PEDES VNGO FIXOS, QVIBVS AEQVORA PRESSI

  • SVMMA: QVIBVS COLVBRI FRANGO NOCENTIS OPVS.

  • COR, QVOD AMORE TVI FIAGRAT, TEREBRABITVR HASTA:

  • VIXQ HABET IN NOBIS IAM NOVA PLAGA LOCVM.

  • RESTAT LINGVA, FAVENS HOSTI ET LOETA ARVA LATRONI

  • DISCIPVLO MATREM DANS: ANIMAMQ PATRI.

  • EST TRANSACTA SALVS, ET VATVM FATA PRIORVM;

  • ERGO MEAE VITAE FINIS, ORIGO TVAE EST.'

  • [Major, Johannes: Eligiae

  • Eligiae à Johan: Maiore D. conscriptae: Deo, et virtuti, o. O. 1584, B 4r und B 5v: Elegia De Christo, In Agone constituto.]

Owner
Evangelisches Predigerseminar Wittenberg
Repository
Lutherhaus Wittenberg
Location
Wittenberg
CDA ID
DE_EPSW_05
FR (1978) Nr.
FR-none
Persistent Link
https://lucascranach.org/en/DE_EPSW_05/

Provenance

  • according to Gottfried Suevus it belonged to the Augustine Convent [Suevus [1655]]
  • allegedly in the university collection [Bellmann, Harksen, Werner 1979, 72]
  • archive of the Protestant Seminary (Evangelischen Predigerseminar) Wittenberg, Akte 64, obtained in 1835, inventory of paintings in the Lutherhaus, Wittenberg, Folio 48r.

[Désirée Monsees, April 2012]

Literature

Reference on page Catalogue Number Figure / Plate
Rhein 2015 48, Fn. 41
AuthorStefan Rhein
TitleLucas Cranach der Jüngere und Philipp Melanchthon. Zu den Spuren einer Wittenberger Beziehung
Publicationin Elke A. Werner, Anne Eusterschulte, Gunnar Heydenreich, eds., Lucas Cranach der Jüngere und die Reformation der Bilder
Place of PublicationMunich
Year of Publication2015
Pages42-51
Sitt, Monsees 2015 310-313, 316 Figs. 2, 3
AuthorMartina Sitt, Désirée Monsees
TitleDer einsame Christus am Kreuz - ein Bildtypus von Cranach dem Jüngeren in der pro-reformatorischen, bildlichen Argumentation
Publicationin Elke A. Werner, Anne Eusterschulte, Gunnar Heydenreich, eds., Lucas Cranach der Jüngere und die Reformation der Bilder
Place of PublicationMunich
Year of Publication2015
Pages308-317
Werner 2015 15
AuthorElke Anna Werner
TitleLucas Cranach der Jüngere und die Reformation der Bilder. Zur Einführung
Publicationin Elke A. Werner, Anne Eusterschulte, Gunnar Heydenreich, eds., Lucas Cranach der Jüngere und die Reformation der Bilder
Place of PublicationMunich
Year of Publication2015
Pages8-16
Wimböck 2010 171-178 2
AuthorGabriele Wimböck
TitleWort für Wort, Punkt für Punkt. Darstellungen der Kreuzigung im 16. Jahrhundert in Deutschland
Publicationin Johann Steigern Anselm, Ulrich Heinen, eds.,Golgatha in den Konfessionen und Medien der Frühen Neuzeit [Emden, 2008]
Place of PublicationBerlin
Year of Publication2010
Link https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110225587
Pages161-185
Schulze 2004 203-206 p. 204
AuthorIngrid Schulze
TitleLucas Cranach d. J. und die protestantische Bildkunst in Sachsen und Thüringen. Frömmigkeit, Theologie, Fürstenreformation
Place of PublicationBucha near Jena
Year of Publication2004
Laube 2003 149-150, 154 47
AuthorStefan Laube
TitleDas Lutherhaus Wittenberg - eine Museumsgeschichte, mit einem Exkurs zur Sammlungsgeschichte von Uta Kornmeier
Place of PublicationLeipzig
Year of Publication2003
Treu 2003 20 8
AuthorMartin Treu
TitleMartin Luther in Wittenberg. Ein biografischer Rundgang
Place of PublicationWittenberg
Year of Publication2003
Cat. Wittenberg 1993 61-62 48
EditingVolkmar Joestel
TitleMartin Luther 1483-1546. Katalog der Hauptausstellung in der Lutherhalle Wittenberg
Place of PublicationBerlin
Issue2., verb. u. erweit. Aufl.
Year of Publication1993
Exhib. Cat. Wittenberg 1992 61, 62
AuthorVolkmar Joestel
TitleDer Reformator mit dem Hammer. Zur Wirkungsgeschichte von Luthers "Thesenanschlag" bis 1917
Place of PublicationWittenberg
Year of Publication1992
Treu, Pellmann 1991 41
AuthorMartin Treu, Hans Pellmann
TitleDie Lutherhalle Wittenberg
SeriesKleine Kunstführer
Volume1924
Place of PublicationLeipzig
Year of Publication1991
Koepplin 1988 184-185 24
AuthorDieter Koepplin
TitleKommet her zu mir alle. Das tröstliche Bild des Gekreuzigten nach dem Verständnis Luthers
Publicationin Kurt Löcher, ed., Martin Luther und die Reformation in Deutschland. Vorträge zur Ausstellung im Germanischen Nationalmuseum 1983, Wissenschaftliche Beibände zum Anzeiger des Germanischen Nationalmuseums, Bd. 8
Place of PublicationNuremberg
Year of Publication1988
Pages183-190
Exhib. Cat. Wittenberg 1984 36, 37, 41 pl. 7
AuthorRonny Kabus, Hans-Joachim Beeskow
TitleMartin Luther 1483 bis 1546 in der Staatlichen Lutherhalle Wittenberg. Katalog zur Ausstellung
Place of PublicationRostock
Year of Publication1984
Kabus, Pötschke 1983 4, 10
AuthorRonny Kabus, Jutta Pötzschke
TitleMartin Luther 1483-1546. Ein Begleitheft durch die Hauptausstellung der Staatlichen Lutherhalle Wittenberg
Place of PublicationErfurt
Year of Publication1983
Bellmann, Harksen, Werner 1979 47 47
AuthorFritz Bellmann, Marie-Luise Harksen, Roland Werner
TitleDie Denkmale der Lutherstadt Wittenberg
Place of PublicationWeimar
Year of Publication1979
Schade 1974 95, en.691 p. 432 d
AuthorWerner Schade
TitleDie Malerfamilie Cranach
Place of PublicationDresden
Year of Publication1974
Link http://digi.ub.uni-heidelberg.de/diglit/schade1974
Thulin 1967 54-55 46
AuthorOskar Thulin
TitleBilder der Reformation. Aus den Sammlungen der Lutherhalle in Wittenberg
Place of PublicationBerlin
IssueThird edition
Year of Publication1967
Thulin 1956 54-55 45
AuthorOskar Thulin
TitleBilder der Reformation. Aus den Sammlungen der Lutherhalle in Wittenberg
Place of PublicationBerlin
Year of Publication1956
Jordan 1924 11, 12, 27, 60
AuthorJulius Jordan
TitleZur Geschichte der Sammlungen der Lutherhalle 1877-1922
Place of PublicationWittenberg
Year of Publication1924
Jordan 1920 16
AuthorJulius Jordan
TitleLutherhalle Wittenberg. Führer durch die Sammlungen des Lutherhauses
Place of PublicationWittenberg
IssueSecond edition
Year of Publication1920
Kehrer 1916 168-169 9
AuthorHugo Kehrer
TitleÜber die Echtheit von Dürers Crucifixus
JournalZeitschrift für bildende Kunst
IssueNF 27 (1916)
Year of Publication1916
Pages163-172
Suevus 1655
AuthorGottfried Suevus
TitleAcademia Wittebergensis ab anno fundationis 1502 festo divae Lucae die XIIX. mens. Octobr. usque ad annum 1655 [...]
Place of PublicationWittenberg
Year of Publication1655

Research History / Discussion

The painting depicts Christ still alive on the cross. Dark clouds serve as a backdrop in the upper half and in the bottom third there is a Latin inscription in capitals on a plaque, which is attached to the horizontal beam with a cord. Towards the horizon the background begins to clear turning from a pale bluish-green to a pale yellow interspersed with pink stripes along the transition. The scene is located on a narrow, hilly strip of land painted with great attention to detail. Little is known about when and who commissioned the large format painting, its original function or its provenance. Allegedly it was in the university collection and belonged to the Augustine Convent.[1]

The large format painting on canvas is not the first depiction of the solitary crucified Christ as was assumed by Kehrer (1916) in his discussion of the Dresden Crucifixion with the Dürer monogram.[2] On the contrary it recalls the pictorial type shown on the painting by Lucas Cranach the Younger from 1540 now in Dublin. However in contrast to this the depiction in Wittenberg concentrates on Christ without further elaboration and narrative in the background landscape. In addition the figure of Christ looks at the viewer with his head slightly inclined.

According to Schade the pictorial type of the living Christ on the cross, without the wound in his side and looking upwards appears in the work of Lucas Cranach the Younger from 1536. Schade considers the small format Crucifixion in Dresden, which he attributes to Dürer and dates 1500, to be the source of inspiration for this pictorial type.[3] This dependency has already been disputed, and recent research is of the opinion, that the panel in Dresden is a forgery, an improved copy of Cranach’s painting in Dublin and that this pictorial type was coined by Cranach. [4] According to Schade the large format painting was together with the depictions of Christ on the Cross with Donors on an Epitaph from 1570 in Nienburg and 1571 in Augustusburg an exception in the late phase where otherwise small scale figures predominated. The depiction of the Crucifixion was one of the main subjects in the younger Cranach’s late works. [5]

Art historical research agrees that this painting illustrates a fundamental principle of the reformist Passion theology. Martin Luther interpreted the cross of Christ as a form of comfort giving strength and assistance and not only terrifyingly recalling the gesture of divine judgment. For him the crucifixion was the most emphatic visualization that only faith in God can redeem the sinner and it corresponded most closely with his expectations of Christian iconography: it presents the grace of God through Christ to the faithful viewer and keeps their faith alive. It can assist the faithful in prayer, particularly if an inscription gives the painting its correct meaning.[6] Within his study of the comforting aspect of the crucifixion Koepplin interprets the Wittenberg Crucifixion in accordance with Luther’s understanding. He states that the mercy and love of God towards mankind are conveyed in the crucifixion as a merciful ‘surrender’ (Zusich-Ziehen), without fear the faithful can confront his own sins, which Christ has taken away from him. The depiction in Wittenberg units as such the old, pre-reformist understanding, which is given expression in the phrase: ‚Tua culpa facit‘ in the inscription with the comforting aspect promoted by Luther. Christ includes the viewer in his prayer and invites him to pray.[7] Koepplin interprets the Crucifixion as ‚at once symbolic, bound to the text and made accessible through a mellowed realism, which is fundamentally different from the realism and the power of medieval Crucifixions.‘[8] Schulze interprets the painting according to Melanchton and his pupils, who consider this image from the Passion to be particularly apt for meditation, because it both comforts and admonishes. Schulze detects a similarity with prayers by Melanchton in the first part of the inscription and sees an analogy with medieval mysticism in the detailed description of Christ’s suffering and in the concentration on each wound, in particular the depiction of the Man of Sorrows.[9] She ascribes the visualization of the Christ’s sacrificial death as a place of rehabilitation and the emphasis on pity and compassion in this depiction to a characteristic trait of Lucas Cranach the Younger. She attests the painter’s sensitizing process, which leads to an intense feeling of devotion towards Christ.[10] For Wimböck this appeal for immersion recalls a text in the passion, in which the events of the passion are invoked in a similar manner to that employed in the late Middle Ages rather than the Reformation. However, she refers to examples in a protestant context in which ‚the sufferings are counted‘.[11]

Studies of the painting often view it in correlation with the pictorial type of the prominent converted centurion, but also associate it with the medieval images of the sacred-heart.[12] Schulze associates the Wittenberg Crucifixion with medieval depictions of the sacred heart of Jesus like they were dealt with in a pre-reformation woodcut by Lucas Cranach the Elder 1505.[13] Koepplin ascertains that this woodcut does not by chance recall the Luther-Rose. However he does differentiate between two strands: the Late Middle Age image of the sacred heart and reformist image, the latter is accentuated in accordance with Luther’s understanding of God’s love and compassion to mankind and is generally different.[14]

Wimböck has to date written the most extensive interpretation of the painting and has focused in particular on the relationship of the figurative depiction and the inscription. She interprets the inscription as a continuation of the inferred invocation of the viewer through the direct eye contact with Christ. Wimböck emphasizes that the text has an image-like and independent status, whereby the combination of word and image encourages extensive contemplation. This thesis is supported by the fact that the size, position and decorative elements of the text prove it to be equal to the visual depiction and together with the visual image allows a meditative appreciation – as Luther wished. In connection with her thoughts on the ‘narrative’ texts recalling the events of the Passion Wimböck interprets the work as an allocutive visual poem, which she sets in a humanist-reformist context. She interprets the prominent, radiant and almost immaculate figure of Christ as a void for reflection on the Passion and the cord beneath the plaque as an aid to the imagination for the viewer.[15]

The inscription does not by chance recall prayers by Melanchton and as stated by Wimböck is found verbatim in the volume of poems entitled ‚Elegiae‘[16] by Johann Maior, a pupil of Melanchthon and Professor of Poetics in Wittenberg. Within the context of the inner reformist conflict between the Philippists and orthodox Lutherism from the 1750s, which finally became a theological controversy and doctrinal dispute, the intervention by Elector August in 1574 can be seen to have lead to the fall of Philippism in Saxony. As a self-confessed Philippist Johann Maior was also affected by the persecution of the so-called Cryptocalventists.[17] Wimböck concludes from this that together with the stylistic evidence the painting must have been created before the unrest in 1574. She includes another cooperative work between Cranach the Younger and Johann Maior: the poet supposedly wrote the text for the inscriptions on the Epitaphs in the castle church (Schlosskirche) of Augustusburg. Schulze attributes them to his father Georg Maior, Professor of Theology in Wittenberg, but Wimböck assumes here that past research is responsible for a generally incorrect designation.[18]

[Désirée Monsees, Martina Sitt, April 2012]

[1] Suevus, Gottfried: Academia Wittebergensis ab anno fundationis 1502 festo divae Lucae die XIIX. mens. Octobr. usque ad annum 1655 ..., Wittenbergae [1655] und Bellmann, Fritz; Harksen, Marie-Luise; Werner, Roland (Bearb.): Die Denkmale der Lutherstadt Wittenberg, Weimar 1979, 72.

[2] Kehrer, Hugo: Über die Echtheit von Dürers Crucifixus, in: Zeitschrift für bildende Kunst, NF 27 (1916), 163-172.

[3] Schade, Werner: Die Malerfamilie Cranach, Dresden 1974, 86-87.

[4] Kroll Renate: E 62 Christus am Kreuz, in: Schade, Günter: Kunst der Reformationszeit. Ausstellung im Alten Museum vom 26. August - 13. November 1983, Staatliche Museen zu Berlin, Hauptstadt der DDR, Ausst.-Katalog, Berlin: Elefanten-Press-Verl. 1983 or Flügel, Katharina (revised): Kunst der Reformationszeit. Ausstellung im Alten Museum vom 26. August - 13. November 1983, Staatliche Museen zu Berlin, Hauptstadt der DDR, Ausst.-Katalog, Berlin: Henschel 1983, 367.

[5] Schade 1974, 95-96.

[6] Stirm, Margarete: Die Bilderfrage in der Reformation, Gütersloh 1977 (and: Berlin, Kirchl. Hochschule, Diss., 1973 with the title: Stirm, Margarete: Die Bilderfrage bei den Reformatoren), 79-80; 87-89; 113 and D. Martin Luthers Werke. Kritische Gesamtausgabe, ed. J. F. Knaake [et al], 61 Bd., Weimar 1883-1983, Bd. 2, 131-143; Bd. 48, 194-200.

[7] Koepplin, Dieter: Kommet her zu mir alle. Das tröstliche Bild des Gekreuzigten nach dem Verständnis Luthers, in: Löcher, Kurt (ed.): Martin Luther und die Reformation in Deutschland. Vorträge zur Ausstellung im Germanischen Nationalmuseum Nürnberg 1983, Heidelberg [1988] (Schriften des Vereins für Reformationsgeschichte, Bd. 194), 183-185.

[8] Koepplin 1988, 185.

[9] See: Schulze, Ingrid: Lucas Cranach d. J. und die protestantische Bildkunst in Sachsen und Thüringen. Frömmigkeit, Theologie, Fürstenreformation, Bucha bei Jena 2004 (Reihe Palmbaum Texte. Kulturgeschichte, Bd. 13), 203-204.

[10] See: Schulze 2004, 203-206.

[11] Wimböck, Gabriele: Wort für Wort, Punkt für Punkt. Darstellungen der Kreuzigung im 16. Jahrhundert in Deutschland; in: Steiger, Johann Anselm; Heinen, Ulrich (ed.): Golgatha in den Konfessionen und Medien der Frühen Neuzeit, Berlin [et al]: 2010, 172.

[12] Koepplin; Falk 1976, Bd. 2, 470.

[13] Schulze 2004, 206.

[14] Koepplin 1988, 166-171.

[15] Wimböck 2010, 174.

[16] Eligiae à Johan: Maiore D. conscriptae: Deo, et virtuti, o. O. 1584, B 4r und B 5v: Elegia De Christo, In Agone constituto.

[17] See: Tschackert, Paul: „Major, Johann“, in: Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie 20 (1884), 111 and Ludwig, Ulrike: Philippismus und orthodoxes Luthertum an der Universität Wittenberg. Die Rolle Jakob Andreäs im lutherischen Konfessionalisierungsprozeß Kursachsens (1576-1580), Münster: Aschendorff 2009 (Reformationsgeschichtliche Studien und Texte Bd. 153), 55-59, 78-125, 221-222.

[18] Schulze 2004, 211; Wimböck 2010, 176.

  • Christ on the Cross, 1571

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Technical studies

11.07.2012Technical Examination

  • overall

Framing

- 19th century black fluted frame with two additional gilded battens

[http://predigerseminar-cdm.gbv.de/u?/Gemaelde,87; 11.07.2012]

06. 2010Technical examination / Scientific analysis

  • Infrared reflectography
  • irr

Underdrawing

- an underdrawing is not readily visible

[Smith, Sandner, Heydenreich, cda 2012]

  • photographed by Gunnar Heydenreich
  • photographed by Ingo Sandner

Conservation History

Date18.06.1981

  • conservation treatment by Werner Körber

Citing from the Cranach Digital Archive

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Entry with no author
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